Risk factors for the ill-defined causes of death in the Brazilian states: a multilevel analysis.

This study describes the spatial-temporal changes of the proportion of ill-defined causes of death in Brazil (1998-2012) and investigates which demographic and socioeconomic factors affect this proportion. We collected information of the proportion of ill-defined causes of death by age (15-59 years), sex, period, locality, and socioeconomic data. We used a multilevel Poisson model to investigate which factors affect the risk of ill-defined causes of death. Unlike states located in the South and Midwest, we detected clusters with high proportional levels of these deaths in states in the North and Northeast regions. A greater proportion occurred in 1998-2002 (0.09), in the North and Northeast (0.14 and 0.12, respectively), in older age groups (0.09), and in places with poor socioeconomic conditions. The adjusted analysis showed differences in proportion according to the region, age, period, schooling, social inequality, and income. The results indicate that the lower the age group and the better the socioeconomic situation, the lower the risk to register the cause of death as ill-defined. Although over the past years, the quality of Brazil's mortality data has gradually increased, investments towards improving mortality registries cannot be discontinued.

Risk factors for the ill-defined causes of death in the Brazilian states: a multilevel analysis / Fatores de risco associados aos óbitos por causas mal definidas nos estados do Brasil: uma análise multinível

Abstract This study describes the spatial-temporal changes of the proportion of ill-defined causes of death in Brazil (1998-2012) and investigates which demographic and socioeconomic factors affect this proportion. We collected information of the proportion of ill-defined causes of death by age (15-59 years), sex, period, locality, and socioeconomic data. We used a multilevel Poisson model to investigate which factors affect the risk of ill-defined causes of death. Unlike states located in the South and Midwest, we detected clusters with high proportional levels of these deaths in states in the North and Northeast regions. A greater proportion occurred in 1998-2002 (0.09), in the North and Northeast (0.14 and 0.12, respectively), in older age groups (0.09), and in places with poor socioeconomic conditions. The adjusted analysis showed differences in proportion according to the region, age, period, schooling, social inequality, and income. The results indicate that the lower the age group and the better the socioeconomic situation, the lower the risk to register the cause of death as ill-defined. Although over the past years, the quality of Brazil's mortality data has gradually increased, investments towards improving mortality registries cannot be discontinued.

Resumo Este estudo descreve as mudanças espaço-temporais da proporção de causas mal definidas no Brasil (1998-2012) e seus fatores associados. Coletamos informações da proporção de óbitos por causas mal definidas por idade (15-59 anos), sexo, período, local de residência, além de fatores socioeconômicos. Utilizou-se modelo multinível de Poisson para investigar os fatores associados às causas mal definidas dos óbitos. Ao contrário dos estados do sul e centro-oeste, identificou-se clusters com elevados níveis proporcionais destes óbitos nos estados do norte, nordeste e sudeste. A maior proporção de óbitos mal definidos ocorreu em 1998-2002 (0,09), no norte e nordeste (0,14 e 0,12, respectivamente), nos grupos etários mais velhos (0,09) e nos locais com condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis. A análise ajustada indicou diferença dos níveis de causas mal definidas de acordo com a região, a idade, o período, a escolaridade, a desigualdade social e a renda. Nossos resultados sugerem que quanto menor a faixa etária e melhores as condições socioeconômicas, menor o risco de óbitos mal definidos. Apesar de nos últimos anos a qualidade dos dados de mortalidade no Brasil ter aumentado, os investimentos na melhoria do registro dos óbitos não podem ser descontinuadas.

The increase in domestic violence in Brazil from 2009-2014.

In recent decades, the rise violent phenomena in Brazil has reached epidemic proportions. However, the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) across different states in the country is not well established. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of DV across Brazilian states from 2009 to 2014. An ecological study based on spatial analysis techniques was performed using Brazilian states as geographical units of analysis. A multilevel Poisson model was used to explain the risk of DV in Brazil according to age, sex, period (fixed effects), the Human Developing Index, and the victim's residence state (random effects). The overall average rate of DV almost tripled from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014. The rate of DV in Brazil in the 2013-2014 period was 3.52 times greater than the 2009-2010 period. The risk of DV in men was 74% lower than in women. The increase of DV against women during period under study occurred mainly in the Southeast, South, and Midwest. DV was more frequent in adolescence and adulthood. DV is gradually increasing in recent years in Brazil. More legislation and government programs are needed to combat the growth of violence in society.

The increase in domestic violence in Brazil from 2009-2014 / O aumento da violência doméstica no Brasil, 2009-2014

Abstract In recent decades, the rise violent phenomena in Brazil has reached epidemic proportions. However, the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) across different states in the country is not well established. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of DV across Brazilian states from 2009 to 2014. An ecological study based on spatial analysis techniques was performed using Brazilian states as geographical units of analysis. A multilevel Poisson model was used to explain the risk of DV in Brazil according to age, sex, period (fixed effects), the Human Developing Index, and the victim's residence state (random effects). The overall average rate of DV almost tripled from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014. The rate of DV in Brazil in the 2013-2014 period was 3.52 times greater than the 2009-2010 period. The risk of DV in men was 74% lower than in women. The increase of DV against women during period under study occurred mainly in the Southeast, South, and Midwest. DV was more frequent in adolescence and adulthood. DV is gradually increasing in recent years in Brazil. More legislation and government programs are needed to combat the growth of violence in society.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas houve um aumento epidêmico da ocorrência de fenômenos de violência no Brasil. Entretanto, a distribuição do padrão de violência doméstica (VD) nos diferentes estados ainda não está bem estabelecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a distribuição de VD entre os estados brasileiros de 2009 a 2014. Estudo ecológico utilizando-se técnicas de análise espacial. Os estados foram utilizados como unidades de análise. Modelo de regressão multinível de Poisson foi utilizado para explicar o risco de VD segundo idade, sexo, período (fatores fixos), Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e estado de residência (efeitos aleatórios). As taxas médias gerais de notificações de VD quase triplicaram de 2009-2010 para 2013-2014. A taxa de VD no Brasil em 2013-2014 foi 3.52 vezes maior do que em 2009-2010. O risco de VD em homens foi 74% menor do que nas mulheres. O aumento da violência doméstica nas mulheres ao longo do tempo ocorreu principalmente no sudeste, sul e centro-oeste. A VD foi mais frequente em adolescentes e na fase adulta. A VD tem aumentado gradativamente nos últimos anos. O governo brasileiro ainda precisa avançar em termos de legislação e planos de ação, no intuito de combater o crescente problema da violência.

Temporal and spatial evolution of maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Brazil, 1997-2012 / Evolução temporal e espacial das taxas de mortalidade materna e neonatal no Brasil, 1997-2012

Abstract Objective: Maternal and neonatal mortality are important public health issues in low-income countries. This study evaluated spatial and temporal maternal and neonatal mortality trends in Brazil between 1997 and 2012. Methods: This study employed spatial analysis techniques using death records from the mortality information system. Maternal mortality rates per 100,000 and neonatal mortality rates (early and late) per 1000 live births were calculated by state, region, and period (1997-2000, 2001-2004, 2005-2008, and 2009-2012). Multivariate negative binomial models were used to explain the risk of death. Results: The mean Brazilian maternal mortality rate was 55.63/100,000 for the entire 1997-2012 period. The rate fell 10% from 1997-2000 (58.92/100,000) to 2001-2004 (52.77/100,000), but later increased 11% during 2009-2012 (58.69/100,000). Early and late neonatal mortality rates fell 33% (to 7.36/1000) and 21% (to 2.29/1000), respectively, during the 1997-2012 period. Every Brazilian region witnessed a drop in neonatal mortality rates. However, maternal mortality increased in the Northeast, North, and Southeast regions. Conclusion: Brazil's neonatal mortality rate has improved in recent times, but maternal mortality rates have stagnated, failing to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Public policies and intersectoral efforts may contribute to improvements in these health indicators.

Resumo Objetivo: A mortalidade materna e neonatal é um importante problema de saúde pública em países de baixa renda. Este estudo avaliou as tendências de mortalidade materna e neonatal espacial e temporal no Brasil entre 1997 e 2012. Métodos: Este estudo usou técnicas de análise espacial com registros de óbito do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. As taxas de mortalidade materna a cada 100.000 e as taxas de mortalidade neonatal (precoce e tardia) a cada 1.000 nascidos vivos foram calculadas por estado, região e período (1997-2000, 2001-2004, 2005-2008 e 2009-2012). Os modelos binomiais negativos multivariados foram usados para explicar o risco de morte. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade materna no Brasil foi 55,63/100.000 em todo o período entre 1997 e 2012. A taxa caiu 10% de 1997-2000 (58,92/100.000) a 2001-2004 (52,77/100.000), porém, mais tarde, aumentou 11% até 2009-2012 (58,69/100.000). As taxas de mortalidade neonatal precoce e tardia caíram 33% (para 7,36/1.000) e 21% (para 2.29/1.000), respectivamente, 1997-2012. Toda região brasileira testemunhou uma queda nas taxas de mortalidade neonatal. Contudo, a mortalidade materna aumentou nas regiões Nordeste, Norte e Sudeste. Conclusão: A taxa de mortalidade neonatal do Brasil melhorou nos últimos anos, porém as taxas de mortalidade materna estagnaram, deixaram de atingir os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. As políticas públicas e os esforços intersetoriais poderão contribuir para as melhorias nesses indicadores de saúde.

Temporal and spatial evolution of maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Brazil, 1997-2012.

OBJECTIVE: Maternal and neonatal mortality are important public health issues in low-income countries. This study evaluated spatial and temporal maternal and neonatal mortality trends in Brazil between 1997 and 2012. METHODS: This study employed spatial analysis techniques using death records from the mortality information system. Maternal mortality rates per 100,000 and neonatal mortality rates (early and late) per 1000 live births were calculated by state, region, and period (1997-2000, 2001-2004, 2005-2008, and 2009-2012). Multivariate negative binomial models were used to explain the risk of death. RESULTS: The mean Brazilian maternal mortality rate was 55.63/100,000 for the entire 1997-2012 period. The rate fell 10% from 1997-2000 (58.92/100,000) to 2001-2004 (52.77/100,000), but later increased 11% during 2009-2012 (58.69/100,000). Early and late neonatal mortality rates fell 33% (to 7.36/1000) and 21% (to 2.29/1000), respectively, during the 1997-2012 period. Every Brazilian region witnessed a drop in neonatal mortality rates. However, maternal mortality increased in the Northeast, North, and Southeast regions. CONCLUSION: Brazil's neonatal mortality rate has improved in recent times, but maternal mortality rates have stagnated, failing to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Public policies and intersectoral efforts may contribute to improvements in these health indicators.